| The Origin Of Thought | |
| Part Five. | |
| Origin Of Non-Pure Ideas, Which Derive Something From Feeling |
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| Contents |
| Origin Of The Difference Between The Ideas Of Corporeal Substance And Spiritual Substance |
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The opinion already expressed about substance and cause |
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The subject of the following investigation |
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The difference between the idea of cause and the idea of subject |
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A further analysis of sensations |
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The difference between the ideas of substance and of essence |
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Resumption of the question under discussion |
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A perceiving subject, 'myself', exists |
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The concept of 'myself', a perceiving subject, is entirely different from the concept of corporeal substance |
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Simplicity of the spirit |
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| Origin Of Our Idea Of Corporeal Substance |
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Method of demonstrating the existence of bodies |
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The existence of a proximate cause of our sensations |
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Any cause different from ourselves is a substance |
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The substance causing our sensations is immediately joined to them |
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The cause of our sensations is a limited being |
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We name things according to our mental conception of them |
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How to use words without making mistakes |
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Bodies are limited beings |
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God is not the proximate cause of our sensations |
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Bodies exist, and they cannot be confused with God |
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[... Résumé of the demonstration of the existence of bodies] |
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Reflections on the demonstration of the existence of bodies |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Our Own Body, As Distinct From Exterior Bodies, Through The Fundamental Feeling |
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First classification of the qualities observed in bodies |
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Classification of the corporeal qualities immediately constituting the relationship of bodies with our spirit |
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The distinction between life and the fundamental feeling |
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Two ways, subjective and extrasubjective, of perceiving our body |
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The SUBJECTIVE way of perceiving our body is twofold: the FUNDAMENTAL FEELING and MODIFICATIONS of this FEELING |
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Explanation of sensation in so far as it is a modification of the fundamental feeling of our body |
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Explanation of sensation in so far as it perceives external bodies |
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The difference between our own and external bodies |
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Description of the fundamental feeling |
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The existence of the fundamental feeling |
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The origin of sensations confirms the existence of the fundamental feeling |
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Explanation of St. Thomas' teaching that the body is in the soul |
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The physical relationship between soul and body |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Our Body By Means Of Modifications Of The Fundamental Feeling |
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The analysis of sensation (contd.) |
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Definition of the fundamental feeling, and how it is distinguished from the sense-perception of bodies |
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The origin and nature of corporeal pleasure and pain |
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The relationship of corporeal pleasure and pain with extension |
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Confutation of the opinion that 'We feel everything in our brain and then refer the sensation to the relevant parts of our body' |
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Comparison of the two subjective modes in which we feel and perceive the extension of our own body |
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Article 7. | Further proof of the existence of the fundamental feeling |
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All our sensations are simultaneously subjective and extrasubjective |
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Touch as a general sense |
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The origin of touch |
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The relationship between the two subjective ways of perceiving our body |
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| Criterion For The Existence Of Bodies |
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A more perfect definition of bodies |
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The general criterion for judgments on the existence of bodies |
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Application of the general criterion |
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The certainty of our own body is the criterion for the existence of other bodies |
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Application of the criterion to possible errors about the existence of some part of our body |
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Response to the idealists' argument based on dreams |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Time |
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The connection between what has already been said and what follows |
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The idea of time derived from consciousness of our own actions |
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The idea of time indicated by the actions of others |
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The pure idea of time |
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The idea of pure, indefinite long time |
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The continuity of time |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Movement |
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We perceive movement in three ways |
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Active movement described |
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Passive movement described |
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Of itself, our movement is not feelable |
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Movement in our sense-organs is feelable |
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Relationship between movement and sensation |
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Movement relative to touch-perception |
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Movement relative to sight-perception |
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Movement relative to aural-, smell- and taste-perceptions |
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The continuity of movement |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Space |
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Distinction between the ideas of space and of body |
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Extension, or space, is limitless |
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Space or extension is continuous |
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Do really continuous things exist? |
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What is continuous has no parts |
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What is continuous can have limits |
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Can what is continuous be said to be infinitely divisible? |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Bodies By Means Of The Extrasubjective Perception Of Touch |
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Analysis of the extrasubjective perception of bodies in general |
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All our senses give us a perception of something different from us |
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All our senses give us a perception of something outside us |
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Touch perceives only corporeal surfaces |
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Touch together with movement gives the idea of three dimensional space |
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A review of the ways we perceive solid space |
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It is easier for us to think about the idea of space acquired by touch and movement than by the fundamental feeling and movement |
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Space perceived by the movement of touch-sensation is identical with space perceived by the movement of the fundamental feeling |
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The identity of the extension of our body and of an external body is the basis of the communication between the idea we have of each of them |
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Continuation |
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The subjective sensation of our body is the means of corporeal, extrasubjective perception |
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The extension of bodies |
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The definition of bodies completed |
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We perceive external bodies by touch and movement |
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Origin of the idea of mathematical body |
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Origin of the idea of physical body |
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| The Particular Criterion For The Existence Of Bodies |
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The criterion for external bodies is an application of the general criterion for the existence of bodies |
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Applications of the criterion for the existence of external bodies |
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| The Subjective And The Extrasubjective In External Sensations |
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The necessity of this distinction |
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Some truths recalled |
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Human intelligence analyses sensations |
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The general principle for discerning what is subjective and what is extrasubjective in sensations |
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Application of the general principle in the search for the extrasubjective part of sensations |
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The difference between primary and secondary properties of bodies |
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Application of the general principle to find the subjective part of sensations |
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The extension that can be felt by touch |
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The extrasubjective sensation of the four sense-organs |
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| Origin Of The Idea Of Bodies Through The Extrasubjective Perception Of Sight |
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The eye perceives a coloured surface |
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The coloured surface is a corporeal surface |
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The coloured surface is identical with the retina of the eye affected by light |
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The coloured surface we perceive is as big as the retina touched by light; but the colours are distributed in that surface in fixed proportions |
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The coloured surface cannot furnish the idea of solid space, even through the movement of colours taking place in space |
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Colour sensations are signs of the size of things |
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Our sight, associated with touch and movement, perceives the distances and qualities of movement in our own bodies |
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Smell, hearing and taste compared with sight |
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| The Criterion Of Bodily Size And Shape |
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The criterion of the size of bodies is the size perceived by touch |
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Application of our criterion to illusions about the visible size of things |
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Application of the criterion to visual illusion about distant bodies |
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Application of the criterion to illusions about the position of things |
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The criterion of the shape of bodies is their shape as perceived by touch |
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Errors about the shape and size of bodies occasioned by sight |
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| The Extrasubjective Perception Of Bodies By Means Of The Five Senses Considered In Their Mutual Relationships |
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The identity of space unites different sensations, so that one body is perceived |
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The visual perception of bodies is what most engages our attention |
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The question whether, in sensations, we receive the image of corporeal things or perceive the things themselves |
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| The Relationship Between Intellective And Sense-Perception Of Bodies |
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| The Natural Disharmonies Between The Perception Of Our Body As Co-Subject, And As Agent Outside The Subject |
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The difference between the two principle ways of perceiving our body, that is, as co-subject and as an agent outside the subject |
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The similarity between the impression of external things and the sensation that follows |
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Materialism rebutted |
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The dividing line between physiology and psychology |
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[...] The union of soul and body |
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The relationship between external body and body as co-subject |
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Matter of the fundamental feeling |
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